The Bombing Of The Boston Marathon - 1319 Words

On April 15, 2013, two pressure cookers exploded near the finish line of the Boston Marathon. The fatalities were low but the symbolism was high: more than a decade after 9/11, the United States is still not safe from militant jihadist terrorist attacks. The bombers, Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev had planned on killing and dying in the name of global â€Å"jihad†. The two brothers were self-radicalized homegrown terrorists. Existing evidence points to the fact that, while inspired by militant jihadism and in loose contact with terrorists in Dagestan, they operated alone. This is a case study of the radicalization process that led Tamerlan Tsarnaev to adopt violent â€Å"jihad†, kill three people and injure 250 others. Background Tamerlan Tsarnaev, a 26 year old male, was of Chechen origin who had been living in the U.S. for the last decade. Tamerlan was born in 1986 in Kalmykia when it was still part of the former USSR. The family soon after moved to Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, where the father, Anzor Tsarnaev, landed a job in the prosecutor’s office. In 1999, as the Russians tried to stop an insurgency in Chechnya, Tsarnaev was fired from his job, allegedly the result of political discrimination against people of Chechen origins. The family then moved to Dagestan (CNN 2013). In 2002, the family sought political asylum in the U.S, claiming that they feared deadly persecution based on their ties to Chechnya (2015). Life in the United States was difficult for the Tsarnaev parents; AnzorShow MoreRelatedBoston Marathon Bombing905 Words   |  4 PagesOn the covers of newspapers and on the screens of many, the story of the Boston marathon hits the ground. Twenty six thousand eight hundred thirty nine people from all over the world came to run in this awe-inspiring marathon. Until the tragedy strikes right in their faces. The explosions, injuring scores of people, effected the lives of innocent civilians. Cheers were replaced with screams, sirens, and the first responders providing aide to the citizens. This was a brutal event just like the oneRead MoreBoston Marathon Bombing Essay782 Words   |  4 PagesBoston Marathon Bombing On April 15, 2013 during the Boston Marathon in Copley Square, two bombs exploded near the finish line killing at least three and injuring over 170 people. This bombing sent the nation in an uproar and it was immediately recognized as a terrorist attack. When the Federal Bureau of Investigation took over, a few days later a surveillance video and photographs of the two suspects were released. After the suspects were named, Dzhokar Tsarnaev, 19, and Tamerlan Tsarnaev,Read MoreThe Boston Marathon Bombing Essay1702 Words   |  7 PagesThe Boston Marathon is an annual marathon hosted by several cities in Greater Boston in eastern Massachusetts. It is always held on Patriot’s Day, the third Monday in April. 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One of the greater spectres that has loo med over the social media landscape in the past few years is the group called â€Å"Anonymous.† While the social media reaction to the Boston bombings might be unrelated to â€Å"Anonymous,† and instead constitute a spontaneous reaction to the event, it might still be usefulRead MoreMass Hysteria And The Boston Marathon Bombing1380 Words   |  6 PagesMass Hysteria and the Boston Marathon Bombing From the fear of communism to the fear of terrorism, mass hysteria affects the United States the most. According to Abraham Lincoln, the United States will not fall from without, but from within. Arthur Miller wrote The Crucible in 1963. Miller illustrates mass hysteria by using the actions of Abigail, Tituba, and Marry Warren in order to show how their actions compromised justice in Salem. The response of the Boston Marathon Bombing is an example of massRead MoreThe Boston Marathon Bombings And The World Trade Center1658 Words   |  7 PagesThe Boston Marathon Bombings According to American Police Beat, â€Å"the average response time for an emergency call is 10 minutes† (Women s Self Defense Institute, 2014). When you think of the amount of time ten minutes actually is, you realize that that response time is not adequate. When it came to catastrophic situations like the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center and the elementary school shooting at Sandy Hook, the police weren’t as quick as they strived to be. After the first bombing atRead MoreIntroduction Of Homeland Security : Boston Marathon Bombing1459 Words   |  6 PagesSecurity Boston Marathon Bombing Usually a fun and exciting day, April 13, 2013 is literally a holiday in Boston, Massachusetts. This holiday is known as Patriot’s day. Many people from around the world come to Boston to put their bodies to the test and run in an iconic 26.2-mile marathon known as the Boston Marathon. On that day, many people would witness an act of terrorism on the people, which would leave a mark in history, killing three and injuring 260 people. The Boston Marathon bombing wouldRead MoreThe Chicago Bombing Occurred During The Boston Marathon1504 Words   |  7 PagesThe Boston Bombing occurred during the Boston Marathon in Massachusetts on April 15th, 2013 near the finish line of the marathon. There were two bombs that went off at the end of the race course. The explosion from the combined force of the pressure cooker bombs killed 3 civilians and injured at least 240 more. There was an immediate response from available agencies in the area which will be explained and analyzed later. Fir st however, the planning for an event such as this bombing took place almostRead MoreThe Effects Of The 9 / 11 Attack And The Boston Marathon Bombing771 Words   |  4 Pagesaround for a very long time. Resources of the United States and other countries have been directed toward ending terrorism in American and around the world. Two major attacks that most individuals will remember is the 9/11 attack and the Boston Marathon Bombing. The 9/11 terrorist attack is one that everyone will remember. Since that the subject of terrorism has exploded on the world stage. An Islamic group hijacked four planes and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United StatesRead MoreRichard Jewell was Falsely Accused of Setting a Bomb at the Atlanta Olympics898 Words   |  4 Pagespeople and one deceased. A man named Richard Jewell was deceitfully accused of being the bomber of the Atlantic Olympic Bombing. Jewell denied playing any sort of role in the bombing occurrence. The bomber was not considered a suspect until two years later in February. Eric Robert Rudolph who placed the bomb at the Atlanta Olympics was also in a connection with three other bombings. It becomes ironic that the police officers can be in a dramatic rush to find who was responsible for the acts that were

An Influential Factor Of The United States - 1615 Words

When we think of our health, we rarely think about the many factors that have been contributors. These determinants of health include income, transportation, housing and education. An influential factor in my life has been that I identify as an immigrant. I was not born in the United States, but in Colombia. I arrived in the United States when I was nine years old. My early childhood in Colombia was unambitious compared to life in New Jersey. The United States gave me options in my education, diet and work, which my home country could not. Socioeconomic status impacted my early upbringing due to the fact that my parents grew up in poverty and with nothing higher than a high school education. When I was being raised in, they instilled the†¦show more content†¦We always lived in apartments, considering the rent and utilities were lower than a house. This meant that I never had a backyard to play in or that I had much privacy. Housing also affected my family’s health as a result of the people living above us making noise at night. The constant noise made it hard to sleep at night. The location of the town that I grew up in was average, in terms of safety and the quality of life it provided the community. However, we were situated next to a town that is well known for gangs, drugs and the occasional shooting. Eventually the accessibility to weed and drugs was there and in high school countless friends smoked and partook in risky behaviors. As well, violence became a safety issue for me when individuals from a neighboring town crossed over to ours looking for trouble. The town we lived in was safe, but we were still surrounded by other towns that were not. Here, the urban environment was structured to segregate us by our race. Most of the North Plainfield population is Hispanic, White and African American, respectively. The conflicts between neighboring towns that had greater African American populations that had turf wars with the Hispanic populatio ns in our town is also something worth mentioning. For me education has been always vital and a crucial determinant of my health. I finished high school and I am now on my way to finish college. I was able to receive my Associate’s Degree in communications. Currently I have an

Environmental Impact Assessment for Training- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theEnvironmental Impact Assessment for Training Purposes. Answer: Introduction This project involves the development of a multi-seam open cut mine, which will be carried out at Caval Ridge. The project will be carried out by BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance Coal Operation Pty Ltd (BMA) and will include new coal handling and processing infrastructure. Also, the project will utilize types of machinery such as draglines and truck-shovel fleet. BMA will be the primary project management team and will do that on behalf of the client who is Central Queensland Coal Associates Joint Venture (QCQA), which is a partnership between BHP Billiton and Mitsubishi Corp (BM Alliance Coal Operations Pty. Ltd., RPS (Firm). 1900). This project will involve the construction of open cut coal mine, the railing of the coal to terminals; spoil dump construction and construction of water management system. Additionally, the project will involve haul road construction, construction of power supply, rail spur construction and construction of mine industrial area. All these services will be connected to the mining and exportation of the coal. This project is also related to Bowen Basin Coal Growth project, Daunia Mine, Goonyella Riverside mine Expansion, Moranbah Airport, Phased EIS Process among others. Different EIS studies have been taken in relation to the available regulations and approvals in QC. The project looks to enhance the EIS proponents. The EIS also focuses on informing decision makers and other parties about potential environmental issues due to the project (Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation, 2013). In the process, EIS focuses on public views in the planning process. Other general sections of the project include the social monitoring and community consultation. Lastly, the project has acquired the relevant approvals from the proper authorities. Project justification and sustainability Queensland is one of the significant sources of coal in Australia and makes the country a leading exporter. Coal is a significant exporter and contributor to the countrys GDP. In addition, the project will be able to produce high-quality coal, which is in high demand. Job creation is estimated to rise due to this project creating close to 70,000 jobs indirectly and 20,000 directly. Technological advancement in this project can reduce the risks associated with the mining (Queensland Queensland, 2014). Additionally, the BMA project is compatible with the regulations which are outlined in section 1.6. Furthermore, the EIS section can show the numerous benefits which the project is able to offer. These include critical benefits in an economic sense, social and environmental. Also, these sections highlight important costs which are experienced in these sections. In addition, the project can provide critical socio-economical benefits and address the socio-economical issues arising. In eco nomical perspective, the project will add value to the other industries in this location from the current $479 to $599 million. Social class for the residents will rise due to jobs in the area. The mine resource is allocated near an existing peak Downs Mining Lease (ML 1775), and it is included in the long-term development goals. Different studies have been carried to project on the sustainability of the current structure and economic evaluation of this project. This project will not have any impact on the existing projects on coal, gal, and minerals in the area. The project does not have any alternative option, and the country is likely to lose a lot if not implemented. Several mining methods will be performed such as dragline, electric rope shovel, and truck and hydraulic excavators. Air quality Mining activities have adverse effects on quality of air within the mining areas. In this assessment for the Caval Ridge project, the dust from the site was considered as a risk due to the mining and movement activities of the vessels in the mine (BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance RPS (Firm)., 2011). In this area, an evaluation of the source of dust emission and mitigation measures is evaluated. They are analyzed to determine the potential impact to the communities residing in the area. Additionally, the quality of air has a significant impact on area climate and environmental status. In the assessment, the meteorological department is highly involved since it plays a key role in transportation and dispersion of dust from the mining site. In the dispersion of the dust, a key model such as DERM, which is approved by the Calmet/Calpuff modeling packages will be used. In addition, air quality will be maintained according to key standards and legislation available. Control and keeping th e climate according to the current climatic condition described in Section 4.1 of EIS will be prioritized. On the legislative framework, the project will be carried according to the Queensland and Australia laws. The guidelines on the Environmental Protection for Air policy developed in 2008 will be a key guideline in this project. In addition, the dust deposition guidelines will be adopted through the use of DERM protection (Giant Mine Remediation Project , Canada, 2015). The control of the dust will be done to prevent any production of dust to levels considered to be a nuisance. The quality of the pollutants in the air will be measured before they are released from the site. In the air quality management, it is crucial to look at the potential impacts and key mitigation measures which will maintain high-quality air within the mine area. In this project, the air quality impact was assessed through estimation of the emissions from any mining-related activities and mining itself. Dispersion models were used to estimate the potential effects and sensitive receptors (Alderliesten, Konings Niessen, 2004). In order to identify the vulnerable receptors for the locations around the mines, land use of information, aerial photographs, and BMA information will be used. The sensitive receptors are taken to indicate the individual residential locations in the vicinity and Moranbah Township. In addition, the sensitive receptors will be analyzed according to the effects on other land use activities and facilities such as schools, child care centers and health care centers. To help in addressing the receptors, the receivers are grouped according to locations and related to the project. In addition, in the pollutants which are considered, the critical emissions from the projects, which are generated from its activities, are considered. These activities are likely to overburden the movement and coal. In addition, the pollutants can lessen the combustion of diesel fuel from the mobile equipment available on site (Queensland, 2013). The contaminants from dust are considered in terms of TSP, PM10 PM2.5, and dust deposition. Air pollution and diesel combustion are key air pollutants which are found in this project. Some of the emission such as sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and volatile organic compounds are released and able to pollute air from diesel combustion of the available mobile vessels on site (Victoria, 2013). Nevertheless, these essential substances are not considered in the emission and effect on quality of air in this project. On the other hand, CO2 and N2O are found in the address of the greenhouse gas assessment from the diesel combustion of the vessel s in this project. There are different areas which can emit the emissions in this project. The mining activities from this project will take place in the Horse and Heyford pits. The sites are likely to produce 5.5 Mtpa production of coal (BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance, 2008). In addition, Peak Downs mine is projected to produce 2.5 Mtpa, which will be loaded to the Southern ROM and then transported by conveyor to the CHPP project for washing and export. In addition, the coal from Southern ROM is included in the total CHPP capacity of 8 Mtpa. These productions will have a high contribution to the emissions in this area. Since the project is not yet operational, the data on emissions of the dust cannot be obtained directly. In order to analyze the emission factors, emission rates were derived from the industry standard emissions that are collated by the NPI and US EPA AP42 emissions and estimates. All these factors are based on the critical measurements of dust emissions on other coal mines in US and Australia (BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance Coal Operations Pty Ltd., Queensland, 2009). In this project, TSP and PM10 are combined to bring out the relevant activity in this project. Additionally, site-specific parameters are used to derive the emissions. Some of these critical parameters include the use of trucks on unpaved roads, draglines, excavators use, shovels, graders, dozers and blasting in mines. Most important, default emission factors were used in this project for the windblown dust, dumping of coal, loading and unloading stockpiles and loading of trains. In addition, the mine equipment scheduling is meant to be flexible to achieve the required production while being able to accommodate the equipment breakdown. Each location in this project was analyzed according to the available parameters (Rao, Raman Singh, 2003). In addition, due to lack of additional information for this site, a conservative assumption of 20% of dust emitted consisted of particles with a diameter less than 2.5 microns. The production data for this project was done for the production year 1 to production year 30. To enhance air quality, different emission control measures are proposed for this project. Modeling during the construction phase such as Horse pit and Heyford Pit will be required to analyze the effects and provide mitigation measures (Mo?lders, 2012). In addition, to control emissions, factors such as total distance traveled by coal, reject and overburden haul trucks will be analyzed. In each site of operation, the estimation of discharge during operation is done. Changing coal production, the location of mining and the amount of overburden are vital measures which are considered in the emissions. References Alderliesten, T., Konings, M., Niessen, W. (January 01, 2004). Simulation of minimally invasive vascular interventions for training purposes. Computer Aided Surgery, 9, 3-15. BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance Coal Operations Pty Ltd., Queensland. (2009). Caval Ridge Coal Mine Project: Environmental impact statement : supplementary report. Brisbane, Qld.: BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance (BMA. BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance. (2008). BMA Bowen basin growth project: Initial advice statement. Brisbane: BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance. BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance., RPS (Firm). (2011). Caval Ridge Mine: Change request 8 : accommodation village condtition changes. Brisbane, Qld.: BMA (BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance. BM Alliance Coal Operations Pty. Ltd., RPS (Firm). (1900). BMA Caval Ridge Mine Project. Brisbane, Qld: BMA (BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance. Giant Mine Remediation Project (Canada),, Canada. (2015). Air quality monitoring update. [Ottawa]: Aboriginal affairs and Northern Development Canada. Mo?lders, N. (2012). Land-use and land-cover changes: Impact on climate and air quality. Dordrecht: Springer. Queensland. (2013). Bowen Basin coal growth project: Caval Ridge Mine : Coordinator-General's change report number 6 - miscellaneous condition amendments. Brisbane, Qld. Queensland Government. Queensland., Queensland. (2014). Bowen basin coal growth project: Caval Ridge Mine : Coordinator-General's change report no.10 : Audit. Brisbane, Qld [Coordinator General]. Rao, G. V., Raman, S., Singh, M. P. (2003). Air Quality. Basel: Birkha?user Basel. Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation. (2013). Air quality issues affecting oil, gas, and mining development in the west. Denver, Colo: The Foundation. Victoria. (2013). Air quality: Latrobe Valley mine fire. [Melbourne] EPA Victoria.

Lived Experiences of High School Students Involved in Fratenities and Sororities Essay Example

Lived Experiences of High School Students Involved in Fratenities and Sororities Paper Chapter I Introduction Almost in all times and among all nations which have reached a sufficient level of cultural development, there have always been fraternal associations formed for higher purposes. The development of Fraternities can be traced from trade unions or guilds that emerged in England. These guilds were set up to protect and care for their members at a time when there was no welfare state, trade unions or National Health Service (Sarmiento, 2011). Various secret signs and handshakes were created to serve as proof of their membership allowing them to visit guilds in distant places that are associated with the guild they belong. Others even modify their body like piercing, tattoo, and burns. †The awakening of the Filipinos to a deep sense of injustice being practice upon them by the colonizers was the introduction of fraternal societies in the islands, and the influence of higher education obtain by those of means to schools of Hongkong and other old-world countries† (Sarmiento, 2011). Nowadays fraternities and sororities  exist for  high school  students as well as college students. Like their college counterparts, most have  Greek letter  names. There are local high school fraternities and sororities with one or two chapters, many of the local chapters of these national fraternities were not tied to or affiliated with individual  high schools  but were instead area based, often drawing membership from multiple  high schools  in a given area. The high-school fraternity has become a serious problem through the years. We will write a custom essay sample on Lived Experiences of High School Students Involved in Fratenities and Sororities specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lived Experiences of High School Students Involved in Fratenities and Sororities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lived Experiences of High School Students Involved in Fratenities and Sororities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These organizations have sprung into the schools even in the watchful eyes of the school administrators who suddenly felt the need to act with all forces not easy to control, and remove from school. With the DepEd Order no. 6 series of 1954, which prohibits hazing in schools, and DepEd Order no. 20 series of 1991, which prohibits the operation of fraternities and sororities in public and private elementary and secondary schools and with laid out sanctions, like suspensions and expulsion, administrators and school authorities are aiming to eradicate these organizations. The adolescent is newly concerned with how they appear to others (Erikson, E. H. ). As they make the transition from childhood to adulthood, adolescents ponder the roles they will play in the adult world. Initially, they are apt to experience some role confusion- mixed ideas and feelings about the specific ways in which they will fit into society- and may experiment with a variety of behaviors and activities (e. g. tinkering with cars, baby-sitting for neighbors, affiliating with certain political or religious groups). Human beings are social animals; they develop and mature in dyadic, small group and other group contexts over a long period. Thus, it is not surprising that a growing body of evidence suggests that people are healthier and happier when they experience social belonging. Adolescents participate in a complex social environment populated by many friendship groups, cliques, and crowds. In the last few years, there have been many circumstances in school that are fraternity related. Various steps are taken, like investigation to suspected frat members. The school further promotes co-curricular and extra-curricular organizations and activities that can serve as more wholesome and productive alternatives to fraternities, sororities and like organizations. Various clubs were introduced by the school administrator to stir up students’ interest in different fields and divert them to a more productive group. This study hopes to shed light on old but under-researched phenomenon in the Philippines and based on the results, develop program for interventions which is non-existent at the moment. Consequently, this study will help open a whole new of world of understanding on the subject of fraternities and sororities and its implications to the future, since only few know about these groups. Lastly, the study aims to fill the gap in current research literature in the Philippines on fraternities and sororities. It hopes to provide insight into modern conceptualizations and definitions of fraternities and sororities. This information may be used in future research on fraternities and sororities and for effecting necessary changes on government institutions’ policies that govern fraternities and sororities. Statement of the Problem This study explores, describes and analyzes the lived experiences of high school fraternity members. Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions: 1. What significant reason motivates high school students to join fraternities and sororities? 2. What insights, meaning and inspiration for fraternities and sororities members emerge from these experiences? 3. What do these insights reveal about their involvement in these organizations? 4. What counseling program can be designed to assist the needs of frat and not frat members? Theoretical/Conceptual Framework This study is anchored on theory of belongingness by Baumeister and Leary’s (1995) individuals have an evolved, and robust, need for closeness, and social belonging. This theory suggests that natural selection favored individuals who maintained close bonds with groups because this attachment provided security, and facilitated reproduction. Man is a social being in he has to be with others in order to cope with this pass paced world. Conceptual Framework Need to Belong Friends Belongingness Interventions Fraternity/Sorority The need to belong. As social being, teenagers as participants study seek to belong to, or identify oneself with others. Friends teenagers often be in the fill the gap if not satisfied in home Scope and Limitation The research is concerned with exploring and probing the lived experiences of 7-10 high school fraternity/sorority members in Canlaon City. The participants in the study are high school students currently enrolled during the school year 2011-2012 and are currently fraternity/sorority member. The participants are at least 12 years old at the time of the study. The study will use in-depth interview. This study will be conducted in public and private high schools Canlaon City for the school year 2010-2011. Significance of the Study The results of the study intend to benefit the following sectors: Educators. The study may spawn valuable insights concerning the real needs of this sector in educational institutions. This study may provide hard facts on their actual needs and the information gathered may be valuable in the school’s attempt to understand them more fully and to help provide opportunities to address their pertinent needs in and outside of the school. This group is expected to benefit directly from the actual data generated in this study. School Administrators. The information gathered in this research may provide baseline data for the administrators to plan and create a more concrete program to address the needs of the fraternity and sorority members. Since this study is a first-of-its-kind in the city, the researcher expects to provide a better and more comprehensive program in the future that addresses the actual needs of the students. Guidance Counselors. This research aims to provide baseline data that will help in the formulation of appropriate guidance programs to answer the need of the students and will help them in their quest to belong. Future researchers. This research is hoped to lay down a solid foundation on the needs of students who join fraternity and sororities for future researchers who may want to further investigate the topic and explore areas not covered by the present study. Furthermore, since local data on fraternity and sorority is scarce, it is the hope of the researcher to contribute to the local literature on the subject to benefit those who would wish to delve deeper into the topic in the future. The Government, Organization Leaders and Policy-Makers. The focus of this study is an attempt to provide new knowledge to leaders of organizations, government and policy-makers. The data can help enhance and develop strategies implementing specialized training, support systems, programs and laws that might protect the welfare of our students who are still in their teenage years. Definition of Terms In order to facilitate proper understanding of the context of how they are used in the study, the following terms are defined conceptually, operationally or both. Age – conceptually and operationally defined as the length of time that somebody or something has existed, usually expressed in years (Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. ) Counseling Program – a plan of action that will be the product of the results of this study Family Background – whether participant of the study is living with parents, mother only, father only, uncle/aunt, grandparents, and relatives. Fraternity/Sorority – a group of individuals formed with the spirit of brotherly love Fraternity/Sorority Member – are the participants of the study, they are self confessed affiliates of high school fraternities. Gangs – group of teenagers who perform rights often to harm to the school and society Year Level – current educational status of the participant. Chapter II Review of Related Literature The purpose of this study is to see the real picture of high school fraternities and sororities in high school. This chapter presents the review of related studies that resembles in any way of this study. Several related literature and studies are related to this study. One of these studies is the study made by Timothy E. Bleeker and Sarah K. Murnen (2005) on fraternity membership, the display of degrading sexual images of women and rape myth acceptance wherein it was found out that fraternity men had significantly more images of women displayed in their rooms and that images were rated significantly more degrading than those in the rooms of non-fraternity men. Fraternity men were found to have significantly higher scores on rape supportive attitude scale (RSA). Carolyn Kolb (2008) cites that high school fraternities like the college level groups, have Greek letter name, a motto usually related to the name initials, secret rites and handshakes and a self generating membership: new members have to be voted in by the current members. Moreover Micheal T. Gibbons (2006) in his article â€Å"The Idea of Fraternity Revisited†, mentioned that the aspiration and drive for fraternity are indicated throughout the political history of human beings. An article of Jon Marcus (2004) discusses the controversy over fraternities and sororities in U. S. universities. It is being debated whether fraternities and sororities should be banned due to their involvement in sexism, alcohol abuse, hazing among others. Fraternities here in the Philippines have a â€Å"stigma† according to Juan Dela Cruz (2008). That is, people think that fraternities have nothing to do any good for you. It involves in frat wars, murders and any kind of crimes. He also added that being a fratmen, especially when you are member of a big fraternity is risky and dangerous. It is true that these big frats made services to people. Another research conducted by Brett Wells and Daniel P. Corts (2008) explored on implicit attitudes towards members of social fraternities and sororities. Members of Greek organizations showed preferential responses towards Greek groups over academic and service groups. These patterns of results suggest that many independent students harbor ill feelings towards sorority and fraternity members, and it is possible that the attitudes are stronger than reported typical. Eric A. Storch and Jason B. Storch (2002) examined the relationship between membership in fraternity or sorority and the frequency of academic dishonesty. Findings revealed that (1) members of fraternities and sororities reported higher rates of academic dishonesty as compared to non-members, and (2) the degree of involvement in fraternity or sorority sponsored activities was positively associated with academic dishonesty. Arsenio Baquilid (2010) emphasized that a fraternity or sorority is a choice of lifestyle for a lifetime. It has a strong influence on ones personality. He also stressed the truth that there are fraternities that pride themselves on academic performance, extra-curricular activities, leadership development, community service and may other achievements. The organization is a venue where a person can practice the full development of an integrated personality. However Ben O’Donnell (2009) argues that, despite negative stereotypes and news stories, fraternities can make a positive contribution to campus life. He notes that fraternity friendships create lifelong bonds between members, expose people to a variety of personality types because of the necessary diversity in any group and offer real diversity in fraternities at his alma mater, Dartmouth College. Juan Dela Cruz (2008) also included in his article that fraternity also made lot of services every year like outreach program. They adopt a baranggay and help the people there. They educate the children and give them goods. Through all the studies showed no concrete evidence on the concrete experiences and purpose of fraternities and sororities. The researcher persisted in conducting this study on the phenomenological study on the lives of high school students involving fraternities and sororities membership: Basis for a Counseling Program. Chapter III METHODOLOGY This chapter describes the research design, the participants of the study, the sampling procedure, the statistical tool, the data gathering procedure and analyzing the data. The Research Design The study mainly uses the qualitative-phenomenological approach in research. The study will use the descriptive type of research methodology as to the nature of the problem. The researcher will employ the field survey and the phenomenological in-depth interviewing methods. The qualitative approach used in-depth and key informant interviews with high school fraternity/sorority members to determine their experiences in the organization. The Participants of the Study The participants of this study are 7-10 high school students who are members of fraternity and sorority in Canlaon City. The age range will be 12-20 years old. The participant will be a mixture of frat members from different organizations. In order to protect their identity and ensure confidentiality, the participants were assigned pseudonyms (quoted in parenthesis). These were the names consistently used all throughout the paper when there was a need for the researcher to refer to the participants. The Sampling Design Due to the sensitivity of the study, the researcher conducted a pre-survey. The study employs purposeful sampling in identifying the participants. The researcher selects individuals and sites for study because they can purposefully inform an understanding of the research problem and the central phenomenon under study (Creswell, 2007). A Snowball or Chain sampling will also be used by which it identifies cases of interest from people who know people who know people who know what cases are information-rich, that is, good examples for study, good interview subjects (Patton, 1990). More specifically, the study uses criterion sampling wherein only the participants who met the criteria set by the researcher were involved in the study. The criteria used are the following: (1) first, participants are high school students enrolled in the current year and (2) second, they are members of fraternity/sorority for at least 6 months prior to the interview; and (3) third, they are 12 to 20 years old. For phenomenological studies, the use of small number of participants is justifiable due to the nature of the data-gathering procedure Research Instruments An interview guide will be used by the researcher to gather data. The researcher himself will make his own questions and will not rely on pre-prepared questionnaire to gather information. Guided by an interview protocol he will gather data and the flow of the interview will largely depend on his skill in asking the right questions, probing for depth and eliciting the necessary responses from the participants. Validity of the Research Instrument As suggested by Creswell (2007), the following validation techniques will be utilized: Firstly, the use of external audits (Erlanson et al. 1993; Lincoln and Guba, 1985; Merriam, 1988; Miles and Huberman, 1994 cited in Creswell, 2007) allows an external consultant, the auditor, to examine both process and the product of the account, assessing their accuracy. The auditor should have no connection to the study. This means that the open-ended questions for the in-depth interview will be subjected to face and content validity by seeking the expert suggestion of research practitioners engaging in qualitative research in order to ensure that the questions would gather the true essence and meaning of the participants’ experiences. Secondly, the use of the commonest forms of triangulation is to combine interviews with observation. Observation will test and fill out accounts given in interviews, and vice versa (Pratt, 2006). Thirdly, considerable effort was made in order to establish trust by building rapport with the participants through prolonged engagement, immersion and persistent observation. It also involves checking for misinformation that stems from distortions introduced by the researcher or informants (Ely, et al, 1991; Erlandson, Harris, Skipper and Allen, 1993; Glesne and Peskin, 1992; Lincoln and Guba, 1995; Merriam, 1998, cited in Creswell, 2007). Fourthly, clarifying researcher bias from the outset of the study is important so that the reader understands the researcher’s position and any biases or assumptions that impact the inquiry (Merriam, 1998, cited in Creswell, 2007). In this clarification, the researcher comments on pass experiences, biases, prejudices, and orientations that have likely shape the interpretation and approach t the study. Reliability of Research Instruments In qualitative research, reliability or consistency of responses of the participants is established using a good quality recorder in order to capture the details of the in-depth interview. In this case the researcher will use the recording function of a cellular phone. The recorded responses will be transcribed in order to see the nuances of the responses, the significant verbal and nonverbal cues, including the respondents’ tone and volume, the variations, pauses and the nuances of their responses. The stability of these responses will be the hallmark of a reliable instrument. The researcher will also use a detailed field notes to indicate of a good reliability index in qualitative research. This can be achieved by a good and competent way of transcribing the data gathered during the interview, to be conducted several times until the necessary information related to the inquiry is saturated. Data Gathering Procedure The following procedures will be observed during data gathering. The researcher will conduct a pre-survey to determine who are willing to participate in the study. Those who will agree to be participants of the study will be ask to refer others who are members of fraternity. Statistical Treatment of Data The study will use simple percentage to show the participants profile like gender, age, year level, family background and the recruitment procedure. Other findings will be in a descriptive type. Bibliography Baquilid, A. U. (2010, June). Being A Fraternity Member: Advantages and Disadvantages. http://arseniobaquilid23. blog. com/ Baumeister, R. F. , Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human emotion. Psychological  Bulletin, 117,  497-529. Bleecker, T. E. , Murnen, S. K. 2005, October). Fraternity Membership, the Display of Degrading Sexual Images of Women, and Rape Myth Acceptance. 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